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## carbon steel
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🔹 1. Standard Conversion Factors
1 Inch = 25.4 mm
1 Foot = 0.3048 m
1 Yard = 0.9144 m
1 Meter = 3.28 ft
1 mm = 0.0394 inch
1 Mile = 1.6093 km
1 Newton ≈ 0.10 kg (approx. weight under gravity)
🔹 2. Concrete Grades (Mix Ratio)
(Cement : Sand : Aggregate)
M5 = 1 : 4 : 8
M10 = 1 : 3 : 6
M15 = 1 : 2 : 4
M20 = 1 : 1.5 : 3
M25 = 1 : 1 : 2
M30 = 1 : 0.75 : 1.5
👉 These are nominal mix ratios used in basic construction work.
🔹 3. Weight of Engineering Materials (Density)
Bitumen = 1340 kg/m³
Cement = 1440 kg/m³
Cast Iron = 7650 kg/m³
Steel = 7850 kg/m³
Ice = 913 kg/m³
Petrol = 690 kg/m³
🔹 4. Weight of Steel per Meter
(Important for BBS & quantity calculation)
6 mm = 0.222 kg/m
8 mm = 0.395 kg/m
10 mm = 0.617 kg/m
12 mm = 0.888 kg/m
16 mm = 1.578 kg/m
20 mm = 2.466 kg/m
25 mm = 3.853 kg/m
🔹 Important Formula (Steel Weight)
You can calculate steel weight using:
Weight (kg/m) = d² / 162
(where d = diameter in mm)
✅ Use of This Data
Quantity estimation (BOQ)
Bar Bending Schedule (BBS)
Concrete mix selection
Site measurement conversions
